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Expression of the efficiency of a Hydraulic Ram

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  Hydraulic Ram:-   The hydraulic ram is a device with which a small quantity of water can be pumped to a higher hight using the avaiable large quantity of water of low hed. It works on the principle of water hammer. The hydraulic ram consist of a valve. The waste valve V1 opens inward in which excess water from the ram body can flow out when the pressure in the ram body is low but it closes when the pressure is high. Another valve V2 connect the ram body to the air vessel which is further connected to the delivery tank through a delivery pipe. Both valve V1 & V2 are non-return valves and this valve allows flow in one way only. The principle of the working is when flowing water in the ram body is suddenly brought to rest, then the change of momentum of the water mass causes a sudden rise in pressure which is utilized to raise a portion of water to a higher height. Initially, water enter the ram body is filled up. The valve V1 remains open in the ram body and water is allow...
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The working Principle of the Hydraulic Crane

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 Hydraulic Crane:- A hydraulic crane consists of a central pedestal supporting a mast from which is attached a jib or ram. The jib can be raised or lowered to reduce or increase the radius of action of the crane. The mast can revolve about the vertical axis so that jib with load can be positioned anywhere in a circular area around the crane . Thus, both by lowering or raising the jib revolving around the pedestal,  the load can be moved to any place within the crane area action. there are two sets of pulleys include one which is stationary and the other which is moveable. The load is suspended by a wire rope that passes over a guide pulley fixed on the jib and on another end the wire rope is attached to the hydraulic jigger. The jigger consists of a fixed pulley. at the bottom end of the fixed cylinder is attached to a movable pulley. At the bottom end of the fixed cylinder is attached to a fixed pulley. The jigger is attached to the mast. The wire rope to the jigger passes ov...
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Mathematical functions that define the fluid state

Mathematical functions:- Following the continuous assumption, the mathematical description of the state of a moving fluid can be characterized by functions of the coordinates x, y, z and of the time t. These functions of (x, y, z, t) are related to the quantities defined for the fluid at a given point (x, y, z) in space and at a given time t, which refers to fixed points in space and not to fixed particles of the fluid. For example, we can consider the mean local velocity v(x, y, z, t) of fluid particles or fluid points, called the fluid velocity, and two thermodynamic quantities that characterize the fluid state, the pressure p(x, y, z, t) and the mass density (x, y, z, t), the mass per unit volume of fluid. Following the discussion of §2, two remarks can be done at this stage:  i). The fluid is assumed to be a continuum. This implies that all space-time derivatives of all dependent variables exist in some reasonable sense. In other words, local properties such as density pressur...
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