All About Mechanical Engineering

D escribe an actual heavy Hydraulic Press:-   The hydraulic press is a deceive which is used for lifting heavy weights by applying a much smaller force. Its work is based on Pascal's Law, Which states that the intensity of pressure in a static fluid acts equally in all directions. The hydraulic press consists of two cylinders of different diameters. One cylinder has a larger dia. while the other has a smaller. Ram and plunger are provided. The cylinder is interconnected by a pipe so that the pressure inside both the cylinder remains the same as per Pascal's Law. When a small force F is applied on the plunger in a downward direction, then pressure is produced in the smaller cylinder which is transmitted to the bigger cylinder and this pressure acts upward on the ram having a bigger cross-sectional area thereby exerting bigger force.  The heavier weight placed on the ram is lifted up by this pressure force. The pressure intensity in the plunger = F/a The pressure intensity on th...

  E xplain the construction and working of Francis Turbine . Layout & Component:- The general layout of hydroelectric power plant using a rection turbine-like Francis turbine. A) Penstock:- It is a large sie conduit or pipeline which conveys water from the reservoir to the turbine runner. B) Volute:- It is a closed passage between the spiral casing and runner whose cross-sectional area gradually decreases so as to increase the velocity. C) Guide Vanes:- The guide vanes guide the water into the runner at an angle appropriate to the design of the runner blades. The guide vanes can be adjusted from the outside. D) Governing Mechanism:- Governing mechanism can adjust the guide vanes to affect a variation in water flow rate according to the changes in loading on the turbine. E) Runner and Runner Blades:- The force for the motion of the runner is developed both due to impulse and reaction effects on blades in which pressure energy of the water is utilized. F) Draft Tube:- The ...

F low in a Pipe:- The type of a liquid depends upon the manner in which the particles unite and move. Though there are many types of flows ,,,,, A) Uniform Flow:- A flow in which the liquid particles at all sections of a pipe or channel have the same velocities, is called a uniform flow. B) Non- Uniform Flow:- A flow of the liquid particles at a different section of a pipe or channel have different velocities, it's called non-uniform flow. C) Streamline Flow:- A flow, in which each liquid particle has a definite path and the paths of individual particles do not cross each other, is called a streamline flow. D) Turbulent Flow:- A flow, in which each liquid particle does not have a definite path and the paths of individual particles also cross each other, it's called a turbulent flow. E) Steady Flow:- A flow, in which the quantity of the liquid following per second is constant, is called a Steady flow. F) Unsteady Flow:- A flow, in which the quantity of the liquid following...

  A TMOSPHERIC PRESSURE:- The atmospheric air exerts a normal pressure upon all surfaces with which it is in contact and it's called ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. It is also known as BAROMETRIC PRESSURE. The ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE at sea level (above absolute zero) is called standard ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE and its value is... STD.ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE = 101.3kN/M2 or kPa                                                                          = 10.3 m of water                                                           = 760 mm of Hg G AUGE PRESSURE:- The pressure measured with the help of pressure is known as Gauge pressure, in whi...

  C apillarity:- A tube with a fine and uniform bore throughout its length, is called a capillarity tube. When one end of glass capillary tube open at both ends is dipped in a liquid like water, the liquid rise or falls in the capillary tube above or below the liquid level in container. The phenomenon of rise or falls of liquid in capillary tube, is known as CAPILLARITY. About the height raised by liquid::- A) Greater the surface tension, greater will be the hight. B) Greater the radius of capillry tube, smaller will be the  height. C) Greateer the angle of contct, smaller will be the height. D) Greater the densitty of liquid, smaller will be  the height. Note:- * Liquid having acute angle if contact rise in a capillary tube. * liquid having obutse angle of contact fall in a capillary tube. * Rise of liquid in a capillary tube dose not violate law conservation of the energy.

  H EAT ENGINE:- A heat engine is a mechanical device that converts heat into mechanical work. A heat engine Essentially consists of three parts; i) Source of heat at a higher temp. ii) working substance(steam in the steam engine, fuel vapor, and air in a diesel engine) iii) Sink of heat at the lower temp. Thermal Efficiency of Heat Engine:- It is defined as the ratio of net work done per cycle by the engine to the total amount of heat absorbed per cycle by the working substance from the source. E fficiency (n) = {1- (T1/T2)} x 100%                           T1= source Temp. & T2= Sink Temp ***The Thermal efficiency of Heat Engine is awlays <100%.

  Temperature Scales:-  To measure temp, two fixed points are taken, one of them is the freezing point of water, knowns as the ICE point, and another point is the boiling point of water, known as the STEAM point. Types of Temperature Scales:- i) Celsius Scale:- In this scale, the melting point of ice is 0c and the boiling point of water as 100c and the space between these two points is divided into 100 equal parts. This scale was designed by Anders Celsius(1710). ii) Fahrenheit Scale:- This scale, the melting point of ice is taken as 32F and the boiling point of water as 212F, and the space between these two points is divided into 180 equal parts. This scale was designed by Gabriel Fahrenheit(1717). iii) Kelvin Scale:- This scale, the ice point, and the steam point are taken as 273K and 373K respectively and the space between these two points divided into 100 equal parts. It's designed by Kelvin. Reaumur Scale:- This scale ice and boiling point are taken as 0R and 80R resp...

 Flowing the Liquid Energy:-   A liquid energy possesses three types of energy. 1) Pressure Energy:-   The energy possesses by liquid virtue of ts pressure, is called Pressure Energy. 2) Kinetic Energy:- The energy possessed by liquid by virtue of its motion or velocity, is called K.E energy. Potential Energy :- The energy possesses by liquid virtue of its height or position above the surface of earth or any reference level, is called 

  S urface Energy :-  Free surface of the liquid to contract in order to have minimum surface area. So, some work is required to be done to increase the area of the free surface of the liquid. This work is done appears as potential energy stored in the increased area, called its surface energy. Angle of Contact:- The surface of liquid near the solid surface is curved. The angle of contact between liquid and solid in contact is defined as the angle enclosed between the tangent to the liquid surface at the point of the contact  and the solid surface inside the liquid.

  F loatation:- When a body is immersed in a liquid, then two forces act on it, which are.... i) The weight of the (w, vertically downward) ii) The upthrust or force of buoyancy ( F, upward) L aw of Floatation:- A body will float in a liquid if the weight of the body is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed part of the body. i) If the buoyant force or upthrust exerted by the object is less than the weight of the object (F<w), the object will sink in liquid. ii) If the buoyant force is more than the weight of the object (F=w), the object will float inside the liquid. iii) If the buoyant force is more than the weight of the object (F>w), the object will rise with some of its part outside the liquid.

  META CENTRE:- W hen a floating body is slightly tilted from an equilibrium position, the centre of buoyancy shifts. The point where the vertical line passing through the new position of the centre of buoyancy meets with the initial line. is called Meta Centre .

T ypes of Pendulum:-   The Simple Pendulum are five types ....... a) Second's Pendulum:- A simple pendulum having a time period of 2 s, is called the second pendulum. this are effective length is 99.9922 cm. b) Conical Pendulum:- If a simple pendulum is fixed at one end and the bob is rotating in a horizontal circle, then it is called a conical pendulum. c) Compound Pendulum:- Any rigid body mounted so that it is capable of swinging in a vertical plane about an axis passing through it called C.P d) Physical Pendulum:- When a rigid body of any shape is capable of oscillating about an axis, is called a physical pendulum. e) Spring Pendulum:-   A point mass suspended from a massless spring constitutes a spring pendulum.

  P hysical Quantities:-   Anything which can be expressed in number is called Quantity. Different events in nature take place in accordance with some laws. Revealing these laws of nature from the observed events, we need some quantities which are known as physical quantities e.g., length, mass, temp, time, force, speed, acceleration, velocity, etc. Types of Physical Quantities:- i) Fundamental or Base Quantities ii) Derived Quantities iii) Scalar Quantities iv) Vector Quantities v) Supplementary Quantities U nits:- To measure a physical quantity, a standard value of some physical quantities is used, which indicates that, how many times the standard physical quantities is used to measure the whole physical quantities. System of Units:-  i) MKS System ii) CGS System ii) FPS System ii) SI System

  Centrifugal Pump Construction of Centrifugal Pump :-  a) Impeller b)  Casing c) Suction pipe  d)  Valve & Stainer e) Delivery pipe . Impeller:- The rotating part of a centrifugal pump is called an impeller. It is the main part to raise liquid from a lower to higher level creating the required pressure with help of centrifugal action. Casing:- The casing is nothing but an alright chamber surrounding the impeller of the pump. its pratatilly convert the K.E into energy........i) Vortex casing ii) Volute casing. Suction pipe:- The pipe connecting the eye of the impeller to water in sump is called suction pipe. Valve & Stainer:- Stainer prevent the entry of any debris along with is provided. And Valve to prevent out of water from the suction pipe when the impeller is non- functioning. Delivery pipe:- The pipe connecting the outlet of the pump to any height where is discharge or delivered for stroge purpose is called Delivery pipe.

  Draft tube :- A draft tube is a conduit or pipe which has a tapering cross-section. The smaller end of the draft tube is connected to the runner exit a nd the larger end is immersed below the tailrace water level. Types of Draft Tube:-  A) Straight divergent type B) Simple Elbow type C) Elbow type D/F with a circular inlet & rectangular  outlet D) Moddy's spreading type

 Mechanics is the oldest physical science that deals with both stationary and moving boundaries under the influence of forces. The branch of the mechanics that deals with bodies at rest is called statics while the branch that deals with bodies in motion is called dynamics. • Fluid Mechanics is the science that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics) and the interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the boundaries. • A substance in the liquid/gas phase is referred to as ‘fluid’. The distinction between a solid & fluid is made on the basis of a substance’s ability to resist an applied shear (tangential) stress that tends to change its shape. A solid can resist an applied shear by deforming its shape whereas a fluid deforms continuously under the influence of shear stress, no matter how small is its shape. In solids, stress is proportional to strain, but in fluids, stress is proportional to ‘strain rate.’ 1. Pressure ( p)...

About Gear:- When students have completed the two ratio columns, they can discuss their findings. Is there a relationship between the gear ratio and the tooth ratio? What is that relationship? Allow students time to express their ideas. Ask them to provide reasons for their statements. Help students see how the tooth ratio can be used to find the gear ratio. This relationship between the tooth ratio and the gear ratio is very important. It allows us to find a gear ratio without actually having to build a gear train and turn the gears. We can find the ratio of any two gears if we know the number of teeth on each of the gears. Show students how the gear ratio can be expressed as a fraction.  Write this equation on the board:   Gear ratio = rotations of driver gear between rotations of the driven gear. Gear ratio =  rotations of driver gear between rotations of the driven gear.                     =  teeth of the driven ...

 About Internal Combustion Engine: IC Engine of high compression ratio requires petrol with octane ratings that are sufficiently high to ensure efficient combustion. An economical way of achieving this property has been the use of anti-knocking , such as TTE&TTM LEDs  at concentrations up to 0.84   g l − 1 . It was increasingly recognized, however, that lead is toxic and nondegradable, so its use in this way was gradually phased out. This action, which has been to the benefit of human health and the environment, required the reformulation of fuels to provide the desired high-octane ratings by the use of oxygenates. Fuel oxygenates are oxygen-rich compounds that act as octane enhancers, bringing the additional benefit of making petrol burn more completely, thereby reducing exhaust emissions. Oxygenates can be blended into petrol in two forms: alcohols (such as methanol or ethanol) or ethers. Two Stroke and four-stroke cycle engine:- 2 stroke cycle:- in a two stro...

  Atomic Number : 8 Atomic Weight : 15.9994 Melting Point : 54.36 K (-218.79°C or -361.82°F) Boiling Point : 90.20 K (-182.95°C or -297.31°F) Density : 0.001429 grams per cubic centimeter Phase at Room Temperature : Gas Element Classification : Non-metal Period Number : 2